Coal and gas carbon capture and storage technologies (CCS) reduce CO₂ emissions from coal and natural gas production, but do not result in a net reduction of CO₂ from the atmosphere. CCS applied to coal and gas can only prevent emissions from going into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches (like afforestation and direct air capture), on the other hand, have the ability to draw down or remove carbon dioxide already released into the atmosphere. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a CDR method because it results in a process that would store more carbon than it releases.

There are three ways to encourage CCS in En-ROADS:

1. CCS Subsidy: The advanced views of the Coal, Natural Gas, and Bioenergy sliders include settings to subsidize CCS for each fuel type. While BECCS is a CDR method, its subsidy slider is included in the Bioenergy advanced view for consistency.
2. Carbon Price: CCS is also encouraged for all fuels if a carbon price is set, unless the “Carbon price encourages carbon capture and storage (CCS)” switch is turned off.
3. Clean Electricity Standard: The advanced view of the Carbon Price slider includes settings to test a clean electricity standard with the option to add CCS as a qualifying source of clean electricity. However, because CCS is expensive, this policy alone may not significantly increase CCS adoption without additional subsidies.

CDR methods can be encouraged using the two sliders in the main pane: “Nature-Based” and “Technological” under the “Carbon Dioxide Removal” section.