Production of cement, the main ingredient in the building material concrete, is a major source of CO₂ emissions. Around 50% of these emissions result as a byproduct from the chemical reaction that produces Portland clinker, the binder in cement. En-ROADS includes these industrial process emissions, which can be observed in the “Industrial Processes” curve in the “CO2 Emissions from Energy and Industry by Source” graph. Other CO2 emissions graphs may also account for industrial process emissions—check the graph descriptions for details.

You could simulate innovations in cement technology, lower-carbon construction methods, material recycling, CO2 reduction, and emissions capture by adjusting the “Carbon dioxide from industrial processes” slider in the Waste and Leakage advanced view. Further reductions can be driven by fossil fuel taxes, a Carbon Price, and the Buildings & Industry Energy Efficiency slider.

Steel is also a major source of CO₂ emissions, emitted during the reduction of iron ore in blast furnaces which use coal as a reducing agent. You can use the same sliders in En-ROADS to simulate a reduction in emissions from this process.